Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) is a virus that severely affects herd health and performance. It is the causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) and mucocutaneous disease (MD), and is widespread in cattle herds worldwide.

1.Clinical symptoms

Symptoms of BVDV infection vary depending on the virulence of the virus strain, age of infection and immune status. The main clinical signs include:

Acute infection

Fever: mild to moderate fever.

Diarrhea: watery diarrhea, sometimes accompanied by bleeding.

Respiratory symptoms: cough, nasal discharge, dyspnea.

Immunosuppression: leading to an increased risk of secondary infections.

Chronic infections

Growth retardation: slow growth in infected cattle.

Reproductive problems: including abortion, stillbirths, sterility and fetal malformations.

Hemorrhagic syndrome: severe cases of spontaneous hemorrhage, manifested by bleeding from the gums, intestines, and skin.

Mucocutaneous disease (MD)

Highly lethal: rapid onset and high morbidity and mortality.

Oral ulcers: severe oral, esophageal, and intestinal ulcers.

Wasting and dehydration: rapid wasting and dehydration, often death within a few days.

2.Transmission pathway

Direct contact: spread through saliva, nasal fluid, feces and urine of infected cattle.

Indirect transmission: through contaminated feed, water, equipment and vehicles.

Vertical transmission: the infected cow passes the virus to the fetus through the placenta, resulting in fetal infection or stillbirth.

Semen transmission: transmitted through the semen of infected bulls, resulting in infection of cows.

3.Clinical diagnosis

Diagnosis of Clinical symptoms

Preliminary diagnosis is made by combining clinical symptoms and medical history.

Laboratory tests

Virus isolation: isolate the virus from blood, nasal swabs, feces or fetal tissues.

PCR test：detection of viral RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Serologic tests：such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect viral antibodies in serum.

Immunohistochemistry: detection of viral antigen in tissue sections.

4.Preventive and curative measures

Prevention

Vaccination: regular vaccination of cattle against BVD to prevent viral infection. Vaccines include inactivated and live vaccines.

Strict quarantine: Strict quarantine and isolation is carried out when new cattle are introduced to ensure that they are disease-free before mixing with the herd.

Control measures: Isolate infected cattle and remove sick animals in time to prevent the spread of the virus.

Biosecurity measures: maintain good sanitary conditions, regularly disinfect barns and equipment, and avoid cross-contamination.

Management Strategies

Monitoring and screening: Conduct regular herd health monitoring to detect and treat infected cases in a timely manner.

Reproduction management: Use healthy bulls and artificial insemination techniques to prevent vertical transmission.

Nutritional management: provide balanced nutrition to improve herd immunity and reduce the risk of infection.

Treatment

Symptomatic treatment: there are no specific drugs to treat BVDV infections, relying mainly on symptomatic treatment. Provide supportive treatment such as electrolyte supplementation and antibiotics to prevent secondary infections.

Management and isolation: isolate infected cattle to prevent cross-infection.

5.Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Antibody Rapid Test

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